Hide

Problem L
All Colourings

Given an undirected graph $G = (V,E)$, a proper colouring of $G$ with $K$ colours is an assignment of values from $1$ through $K$ to each vertex so that each edge receives a different value/colour. That is, a proper $K$-colouring is a mapping $\sigma : V \rightarrow \{ 1, 2, \ldots , K\} $ such that $\sigma (u) \neq \sigma (v)$ for each edge $(u,v)$ of $E$.

So much effort has been spent finding proper colourings of graphs that the improper colourings are left out. That’s a shame, because all colourings are beautiful!

You want to examine every possible colouring to see how many edges receive the same colour at its endpoints. That is, for each value $b$ from $0$ to $|E|$ you should compute the number of $K$-colourings $\sigma : V \rightarrow \{ 1, 2, \ldots , K\} $ such that the number of edges $(u,v)$ of $G$ receiving the same colour on both endpoints (i.e. $\sigma (u) = \sigma (v)$) is exactly equal to $b$. Since this number can be large for the given input bounds, you should instead report what this value would be if it was reduced modulo $1\, 000\, 000\, 009$. Note we are calling any mapping $\sigma : V \rightarrow \{ 1, 2, \ldots , K\} $ a $K$-colouring whether it is proper or not.

The first sample input is illustrated below. All colourings of the graph with $K = 2$ colours are shown and are arranged according to the number of edges whose endpoints receive the same colour.

\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth ]{allcolourings_fig.jpg}

Input

The first line of input contains three integers $N$ ($1 \leq N \leq 20$), $M$ ($0 \leq M \leq 20$), and $K$ $(1 \leq K \leq 10^9)$. Here, $N$ is the number of nodes in the graph, $M$ is the number of edges in the graph, and $K$ is the number of colours we will use in our $K$-colouring.

Then $M$ lines follow, each containing a pair of integers $u,v$ $(1 \leq u,v \leq N, u \neq v)$ indicating $u$ and $v$ are connected by an undirected edge. No edge will appear more than once in the input.

Output

Output a single line with $|E|+1$ values $c_0, c_1, \ldots , c_{|V|}$ in that order with a single space separating consecutive values. Here, $c_ b$ is the number of $K$-colourings of $G$ that have exactly $b$ monochromatic edges, reduced modulo $1\, 000\, 000\, 009$.

Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1
3 2 2
1 2
1 3
2 4 2
Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2
4 4 2
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 1
2 0 12 0 2
Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3
4 4 3
1 2
2 3
3 1
1 4
12 42 18 6 3

Please log in to submit a solution to this problem

Log in